On the frontline: PPQ The gatekeeper to preventing entry of invasive species

Slide 1: title

Slide 2: Animal Plant Health and Inspection Service

PLANT PROTECTION AND QUARANTINE

OUR ROLE IN PREVENTING THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF EXOTIC INVASIVE SPECIES

Slide 3: (Illustration)

Slide 4: OUR GOAL TODAY:

• REGULATORY PROCESS
• INSPECTION PROCEDURES
• PEST RISK ANALYSIS
• EXOTIC PEST SURVEY
• ERADICATION EFFORTS
• BIO CONTROL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Slide 5: OUR MISSION IS 2 FOLD

Slide 6: The term 'exotic species' is a geographical attribute, meaning that the species in question is not native to the US, or widely established. It may or may not be invasive.

The term 'invasive species' is a biological attribute, meaning that the species under consideration can establish itself and out-compete other species, usually severely disrupting the stability of the affected ecosystem. It may or may not be exotic.

Slide 7: A quick acronym guide

• PPQ =United States Dept. of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine
• CBP= US Department of Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection
• ODA = Oregon Department of Agriculture

Slide 8: History

Slide 9: American Chestnut Blight

Slide 10: Citrus Canker, Florida

Slide 11: White Pine Blister Rust

Slide 12: PLANT QUARANTINE ACT 

7 U.S.C. §§ 151-167, August 20, 1912, as amended 1917, 1920, 1926, 1928, 1932, 1934, 1942, 1947, 1963, 1970, 1978, 1983, 1988 and 1994.

Slide 13: Problem #1 Non-indigenous terrestrial species

Slide 14: Solution

• Organic Act of 1944 17 U.S.C. 147a].
• Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957 [7 U.S.C. 150aa-150jj].

Slide 15: Federal Noxious Weed Act [Public Law 93-629 (7 U.S.C. 2801 et. seq.; 88 Stat. 2148)].

Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance species Prevention and Control Act of 1990. 72 spread of introduced aquatic nuisance species and the brown tree snake

Slide 16: Problem #2 Non-indigenous Aquatic Species

Slide 17: (Illustration)

Slide 18: PPQ illustration

Slide 19: WHAT ABOUT TODAY? NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES COUNCIL

• About 35 federal agencies & 38 federal laws have some role/impact in invasive species.
• About 350 federal/state/private programs, 160 groups & 210 organizations have at least some involvement with invasive species.

Slide 20: (Chart) Expenditures on Invasive Species Activities by 5 Federal Departments in 1999 and 2000 (dollars in millions)

Slide 21: (Chart) Federal Spending on Invasive Species: By Pest Category

Slide 22: (Chart) FY05 General Category Totals - Total Federal Spending of $1,169,113K

Slide 23: WHAT IS PPQ’S ROLE TODAY IN INVASIVE SPECIES?

Slide 24: (chart)

• Safeguarding the health of animals, plants and ecosystems
• Facilitating safe agricultural trade

Slide 25: #1 Regulatory Process

Slide 26: Plant Protection Act

• The Plant Protection Act of 2000 (PPA)
• Code of Federal Regulations

Slide 27: Our quarantines are

• Risk-based (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/peral.shtml )
• Transparent (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/is/sps/mod3/5guidpl.html)

Slide 28: Regulations.gov

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/regulations/aphis_dockets.shtml

Slide 29: USDA APHIS Offshore Pest Information System

• Weekly Update Summary

Slide 30: Pest alert

Slide 31: Safeguarding American Plant Resources

A Stakeholder Review of the APHIS-PPQ Safeguarding System

Slide 32: (Illustration)

Slide 33: (Illustration)

Slide 34: (Audio-visual material)

Slide 35: #2 Inspection procedures

Slide 36: Passenger inspection

Slide 37: Cargo inspection - ports of entry

Slide 38: Ship inspection, misc. cargo inspection

Slide 39: Special operations: Military

Slide 40: 2003 DHS CBP - air, sea land

Slide 41: (Illustration)

Slide 42: In the Willamette River

• 9,169 reportable pests on incoming traffic
• 69 actionable intercepted in Oregon pathways

Slide 43: Proactive approach to pest interceptions

Slide 44: Quality Control Inspections: SITC

Slide 45: Far Eastern and Russian Ports:

• Asian Gypsy Moth

Slide 46: SOLUTION: Overseas pre-clearance program of a conveyance

Slide 47: COMMODITY PRE CLEARANCE PROGRAMS

Slide 48: (Illustration)

Slide 49: Exotic Pest Detection

Mark E. Hitchcox
Pest Survey Specialist
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Portland, Oregon

Slide 50: Plant pest safeguarding

• REGULATORY PROCESS
• INSPECTION PROCEDURES
• PEST RISK ANALYSIS
• EXOTIC PEST SURVEY
• ERADICATION EFFORTS

Slide 51: (Illustration)

Slide 52: Risk Analysis

“…identifying sources of potential harm, assessing the likelihood that harm will occur and the consequences if harm does occur.”

Slide 53: Plant Pest Risk Analysis

1. Pathway Analysis
2. Pest Risk Assessment
3. Pest Risk Management

Slide 54: Pathway Risk in Oregon

example: Shipping Containers

Slide 55: Asian Gypsy Moth

• Lymantria dispar spp.
• Serious forest pest
  • Females fly, 500 sp. host list
• Asia, Russia, Far East
• 2006 detection in St. Helens, Oregon
  • Single positive male moth
  • 2007 eradication program
• Source?
• Risk?

Slide 56: (Excel chart) Average AGM trap catches in forest areas from
1993 to 2006 (Russia)

Slide 57: (Map) Targeting - nationwide

Slide 58: (Map) Targeting - California

Slide 59: Pest risk in Oregon: Beyond the port

Slide 60: Exotic Pest Detection Strategies

• Define Risk
  • Pathway
  • Pest
• Surveys
• Outreach

Slide 61: Survey Targets

• Pathways
  • Trade
  • Travel & Immigration
  • Natural
• Resources
  • Emergency Action Notification
  • interceptions
  • Shipment Tracking Systems
• trends

Slide 62: Survey Targets

• Define Pest Risk
• Pest Risk Assessments
• geographical distribution, biology and economic importance.
• Trade organizations (NAPPO, EPPO)
• CABI Crop Compendium
• Emergency Action Notification database
• National Agricultural Pest Information System
• Research, meetings
• Defined Pest Lists
• Developing Pest Lists

Slide 63: Exotic Pest Detection Strategies

• State CAPS Committee
  • PPQ, ODA, ODF, USFS, University
  • Priorities for Survey
  • Pest Lists and the OISC
• Oregon CAPS Projects
• $1.5 - 2.5m / yr.
• 13-20 CAPS projects/yr.
• 40-50+ target pests/yr.
• terrestrial arthropods, pathogens, weeds
• Detection, eradication, suppression projects

Slide 64: Exotic Pest Detection Strategies

Surveys

1. Detection Survey
• Pest not yet known to be present
2. Delimitation Survey

• Pest found but range unknown
1. Monitoring Survey

• Describe population

Slide 65: Pest Detection Survey

• Survey Technologies
  • Traps
  • Lures
  • Sampling
• Taxonomic infrastructure
  • Screening (PPQ, ODA)
  • National Identification Service

Slide 66: Early Pest Detection, 2008

• Plum pox virus
• Pear decline PDTP
• Chrysanthemum White Rust
• Giant Hogweed survey
• Emerald Ash Borer
• Nunn Moth, Siberian Moth
• Asian, European and NA Gypsy Moth
• Phytophthora ramorum
• Karnal Bunt
• Potato Nematode survey
• Sirex noctilio
• Light Brown Apple Moth

Slide 67: Sirex noctilio woodwasp

• Europe/Asia
• Host plants: kills living Pinus sp.
• Univoltine (est.)
  • Adult: Length: 1 - 1.5” blue black body
  • Oviposit 25-450 eggs into sapwood
  • toxic mucus, symbiotic fungus, larval feeding
• Survey in Oregon
  • Adult flight
  • Lingren funnel with Ώ + β pinene lure
  • Targets: 125 traps high-risk urban areas

Slide 68: Port and Container Yard

Survey 2008

• High-risk sites:
• Container yards
• Port yards
• Rail yards
• container origins, volume, habitat

Target pests

• Citrus & Asian longhorned beetle
• Emerald Ash Borer
• Exotic chrysomelids and thrips
• Terrestrial Mollusks

Slide 69: Early Pest Detection

Outreach

Public success stories

• Asian Longhorned Beetle in NY
• Cereal Leaf Beetle in WA
• Citrus Longhorned Beetle in WA
• Quagga Mussel in Lake Mead
• Tremex sp. in Portland

Format

• PPQ LPA
• Events
• OISC, OPB “Silent Invasion”
• National Plant Diagnostic Network
• Early detector training http://cbc.at.ufl.edu/

Slide 70: Early Pest Detection

Risk Assessments
Detection Surveys
Outreach

What if ?.......

Slide 71: Dealing with a new exotic pest
Gary W. Brown
Domestic Pest Program Coordinator
US Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Portland, Oregon

Slide 72: Dealing with a new exotic pest
ERADICATION

CONTROL MEASURES

• Quarantine
• Treatment
• Research

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Slide 73: Can a newly introduced exotic pest species be eradicated?

Slide 74: That depends on three factors

• Early Detection/ Rapid Response
• The Biology of the Pest
• Adequate funding

Slide 75: Asian Longhorn Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis – a potential success story

Slide 76: Asian Longhorned Beetle Infestations

• New York - August 1996
• Illinois - July 1998
• Jersey City, NJ - October 2002
• Toronto, Canada - September 2003
• Middlesex/Union Counties, NJ – August 2004

Slide 77: Asian Longhorned Beetle Host Trees

• Maple
• Horse chestnut
• Elm
• Birch
• Willow
• Poplar
• London plane
• Hackberry
• Ash
• Mountain Ash
• Mimosa

Slide 78: Asian Longhorned Beetle - Potential Impacts

• Affected industries:
  • Timber
  • Maple syrup
  • Tree nurseries and greenhouses
  • Tourism
• Estimated national effect:
  • 30% of urban trees lost @ $669 billion
  • Escapes to our forests: 30% of trees lost @ $2 trillion.
  • Negative impact on recreation and land values

Slide 79: ALB Eradication Program

• Regulatory
  • Quarantines
  • Compliance agreements
• Survey
  • 4 years negative survey = eradication
• Control
  • Chemical treatments
  • Host trees removal within ½ mile
  • Replant with non-host trees
• Research
  • To enhance eradication tools
• Public Outreach

Slide 80: Asian Longhorned Beetle - So Far:

• Illinois – Declared eradication April 17, 2008
• Jersey City, NJ deregulated 2005
• NYC and NJ estimated eradication pushed back from 2009 to 2014-2020.

Slide 81: (Chart) Asian Longhorn Beetle - APHIs funding

Slide 82: Eradication of ALB aided by its biological characteristics

• Large and conspicuous
• Slow to spread
• Only 183 mi2 quarantined

Slide 83: Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis

One that got away?

Slide 84: (Map) Discovery…

Slide 85: (Map) Potential Impact

Slide 86: (Map) Expansion of Quarantine 2003-2007

Slide 87: EAB Management Plan

• Survey
• detection
• Regulatory
• quarantine
• Control
• sanitation, disposal, replanting
• Public outreach
• Research
• biology, controls, monitoring options

Slide 88: Eradication of EAB

• is complicated by its biological characteristics.
• Small and hidden
• Symptoms delayed
• Rapid dispersal
• >40,000 mi2 infested

Slide 89: The Future of EAB Control:

• Regulation to slow its spread
• Biocontrol – 2 egg, 1 pupal, 2 larval parasitoids (Spathius agrili released in 2007)

Slide 90: Light Brown Apple Moth - A serious agricultural pest

Slde 91: Light Brown Apple Moth - Background

• Probably with fruit or nursery stock from Australia or New Zealand.
• March 19, 2007 – LBAM captured in Berkley, CA.
• LBAM is known to feed on over 200 plants.

Slide 92: Current Situation

• Detection trapping in 51 CA counties
• 18,000+ LBAMs in 13 counties
• 99% from two geographic areas
• Quarantine on May 2, 2007
• Pheromone treatments planned for 2008
• Sterile Insect Technology long-term control method
• USDA announces $74.5 million emergency funds

Slide 93: (Map) Light Brown Apple Month survey

Slide 94: Gypsy Moth: A Control program

Slide 95: (Map) European gypsy moth quarantine

Slide 96: (Map) 2007 gypsy moth tTraps in Oregon

Slide 97: (Map) 2007 traip catches= 12 gypsy moths

Slide 98:Gypsy moth Eradication site 2008

Shady Cove, OR

• 2 moths 2005
• 2 moths 2006
• 6 moths 2007

Slide 99: Three applications by aircraft of B.t.k. (Foray 48B) on 336 acres

• First application April 29, then 7-14 days
• Follow-up trapping survey
• Two years negative trap results = eradication

Slide 100: Dealing with pests that are here to stay.

A sampling of Biological Control Programs in Oregon

Slide 101: Cereal Leaf Beetle - Oulema melanopus

Slide 102: (Map) Cereal Leaf Beetle 2007 survey

Slide 103: (Photograph) CLB larval parasitoid Tetrastichus julis

Slide 104: (Chart) Cereal Leaf Beetle - acres treated versus cost of spray

Slide 105: (Chart) Cereal Leaf Beetle - Union County acres sprayed

Slide 106: Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica

Slide 107: Stem-mining weevil (Mecinus janthinus)

Slide 108: Dufur, Oregon release site 2001 vs. 2006

Slide 109: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense

Slide 110: Stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus litura); Stem gall fly (Urophora cardui)

Slide 111: Spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa

Slide 112: Diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa

Slide 113: Seedhead weevil (Larinus minutus), Root-boring beetle (Sphenoptera jugoslavica), Root-boring weevil (Cyphocleonus achates)

Slide 114: Root boring moth (Agapeta zoegana), Seedhead flies (Urophora affinis, U. quadrifasciata, Terellia virens)

Slide 115: Yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis

Slide 116: Bud weevil (Bangasternus orientalis), Seedhead fly (Chaetorellia australis), Seedhead weevil (Eustenopus villosus)

Slide 117: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria

Slide 118: Loosestrife leaf beetles (Galerucella spp.), Root feeding weevil (Hylobius transversovitatus)

Slide 119: (Photos) Purple loosestrife, Yamhill County, OR 2004 and 2005

Slide 120:Saltcedars, Tamarix spp.

Slide 121: Saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata)

Slide 122:The end

Slide 123: Brown Tree Snake eliminated native birds on the US territory of Guam; it threatens to do the same to Hawaii

Slide 124: PLEASE DON’T BRING IN A PEST (OR ORDER ONE ONLINE)

For more information about this presentation, contact: gary.w.brown@aphis.usda.gov mark.e.hitchcox@aphis.usda.gov, or mark.e.hitchcox@aphis.usda.gov